Experiments were designed to characterize several partial reactions of the Na,K-ATPase and to demonstrate that a model fan be defined that reproduces most of the transport features of the pump with a single set of kinetic parameters. We used the fluorescence label 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, which is thought to be sensitive to conformational changes, and the styryl dye RH 421, which can be applied to detect ion-binding and -release reactions. In addition transient electric currents were measured, which are associated mainly with the E(1) --> E(2) conformational transition. Numerical simulations were performed on the basis of a reaction model, that has been developed from the Post-Albers cycle. Analysis of the experimental data allows the determination of several rate constants of the pump cycle. Our conclusions may be summarized as follows: (a) binding of one Na+ ion at the cytoplasmic face is electrogenic. This Na+ ion is specifically bound to a neutral binding site with an affinity of 8 mM in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. In the absence of divalent cations, the intrinsic binding affinity was found to be 0.7 mM. (b) The analysis of fluorescence experiments with the cardiotonic steroid strophanthidin indicates that the 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein label monitors the conformational transition (Na-3)E(1)-P --> P-E(2)(Na-2), which is accompanied by the release of one Na+ ion. 5-IAF does not respond to the release of the subsequent two Na+ ions, which can be monitored by the RH 421 dye. These experiments indicate further that the conformational transition E(1)P --> P-E(2) is the rate limiting process of the Na+ translocation. The corresponding rate constant was determined to be 22 s(-1) at 20 degrees C. From competition experiments with cardiotonic steroids, we estimated that the remaining 2 Na+ ions are released subsequently with a rate constant of at least 5,000 s(-1) from their negatively charged binding sites. (c) Comparing the fluorescence experiments with electric current transients, which were performed at Various Na concentrations in the absence and presence of strophanthidin, we found that the transition (Na-3).E(1)-P --> P-E(2).(Na-2) is the major charge translocating step in the reaction sequence Na-3.E(1) --> (Na-3).E(1)-P --> P-E(2).(Na-2) --> P-E(2). The subsequent release of 2 Na+ ions contributed less than 25% to the total electric current transient. (d) The well known antagonism between cardiotonic steroids and K+ binding can be explained by a kinetic model. A quantitative description has been obtained under the assumption that these inhibitors bind only to the states P-E(2)(Na-2) and P-E(2)(kh). (e) Most of our experiments can be described by a modified Post-Albers scheme. A set of the kinetic parameters in this scheme has been determined by the experiments presented or by data from literature. Numerical simulations using this set are consistent with the presented data.
