AN INTEGRATIVE-SEQUENTIAL TREATMENT MODEL FOR POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER - A CASE-STUDY OF THE JAPANESE-AMERICAN INTERNMENT AND REDRESS

This article presents a clinical model that integrates classic victimization symptoms with multiple treatment interventions into a coherent process of recovery. The model serves to reduce the fragmentation of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature, clarify existing treatment modalities in terms of their respective contributions to recovery, and suggest principles underlying the sequencing and/or concurrence of specific interventions for trauma due to intentional, external human design (PTSD-IHD). Parallels are made between symptoms experienced by Vietnam veterans with PTSD and those of Japanese Americans who were interned in U.S. concentration camps during World War II The psychologically relevant historic and self-help events that preceded and included the Japanese American redress movement elucidate the clinical model.