RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTI-PREDATOR BEHAVIOR AND AGGRESSION AMONG CONSPECIFICS IN 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS

The response of individual breeding three-spined sticklebacks to territorial intruders of various species was compared with their response to a predator outside the breeding season. The nature of the territorial response to the different intruders, as revealed by factor analysis, was very similar and the level of aggression shown to the different species co-varied across individuals and during each breeding cycle. The level of territorial of the individual fish was positively correlated with their boldness towards a predator. These results provide tentative support for the idea that anti-predator behavior and aggression towards conspecifics are linked in this species. Supporting evidence for and possible adaptive significance of these results are discussed.