APPARENT LAYERING IN COMMON-MIDPOINT STACKED IMAGES OF 2-DIMENSIONALLY HETEROGENEOUS TARGETS

Model studies with finite-difference synthetic data demonstrate a fundamental spatial bias in the appearance of common-midpoint (CMP) stacked images. The CMP stack of data recorded over a target having 2-D random variations in velocity shows numerous short reflection segments. The stacked image appears layered because of enhanced lateral continuity attributable to the well-known dip filter of the stacking process. The stack filter can be characterized using the formulation of Bolondi et al. (1982). Lateral correlation in the target and its seismic image is quantified with a measure based on the spectral coefficient of coherence. The dip-filtering effects of stacking cannot be reversed by poststack migration; the synthetic data demonstrate the necessity of migration before stack or equivalent processing. A field data example illustrates the effects of CMP stack filtering using lateral coherence functions measured on stacked and unstacked sections. -from Authors