The oxygen isotope ratios provide a probe of the physics of stellar interiors. Among the phenomena that can be studied through the oxygen isotope ratios are the maximum depth of penetration of the convective envelopes on the giant branch, the efficiency of nonconvective mixing, as well as restrictions on the mass loss that occurs. The oxygen isotope ratios also provide an indicator of the nuclear processing that occurs during third dredge up and carbon star formation. In addition to the oxygen isotopes, we indicate the expected behavior of nitrogen and the light elements.