PHYLOGENY THROUGH BRAIN TRAITS - MORE CHARACTERS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION

被引:55
作者
JOHNSON, JI
KIRSCH, JAW
REEP, RL
SWITZER, RC
机构
[1] MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, NEUROSCI PROGRAM, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA
[2] UNIV WISCONSIN, ZOOL MUSEUM, MADISON, WI USA
[3] UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT ZOOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA
[4] UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT PHYSIOL SCI, GAINESVILLE, FL 32610 USA
[5] UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT NEUROSCI, GAINESVILLE, FL 32610 USA
[6] UNIV TENNESSEE, COLE NEUROSCI LAB, KNOXVILLE, TN USA
[7] UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT MED BIOL, KNOXVILLE, TN USA
[8] UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT PATHOL, KNOXVILLE, TN USA
关键词
BRAIN EVOLUTION; MAMMALIAN PHYLOGENY; CLADISTICS; DORSAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS;
D O I
10.1159/000113643
中图分类号
B84 [心理学]; C [社会科学总论]; Q98 [人类学];
学科分类号
03 ; 0303 ; 030303 ; 04 ; 0402 ;
摘要
We have assembled data on nine brain traits, in addition to the fifteen we have previously described, which provide new evidence for assessing mammalian relationships. States of these characters are tabulated as they occur in each of 152 mammalian species, providing data in numerically ordered form, useful for multiple analyses of phylogenetic relationships in programs which take into account variations in several different characters simultaneously. Derived states of each of the nine traits are characteristic of certain restricted, groups of mammals: (1) mirroring of the complete SI body representation in isocortex (anthropoid primates); (2) loss of the accessory olfactory bulbs (sirenians, cetaceans, most bats, catarrhine primates); (3) Rindenkerne, clumps of cell bodies in layer 6 of cerebral cortex (sirenians); (4) posteriorly pointing digits in the SI body representation (bats, both mega- and micro-); (5) equivalent tectopetal connections to the anterior colliculus of one side from both retinas, rather than predominantly from the contralateral retina (primates and megabats); (6) loss of lamination in dorsal cochlear nuclei (anthropoid primates, bats, seals, sirenians, cetaceans); (7) separation of claustrum from cerebral cortex (diprotodont marsupials, carnivores, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, hyracoids, cetaceans and primates), (8) presence of a complete secondary (SII) somatic sensory region of cerebral cortex (therians - all extant mammals other than monotremes), and (9) presence of a distinct external cuneate nucleus among the nuclei of the dorsal columns (all mammalian groups except monotremes and sirenians). Two examples of phylogenetic trees derived from these data are presented. These sample trees maintain the segregation of the monotremes and the marsupials, and the basic dichotomy of placentals seen in our earlier toes based entirely on brain data. They also show: an orderly sequence of bifurcations (rather than the commonly seen multifurcation near the base of the radiation) in the reconstruction of placental relationships; extremes of derivation for the Cetacea, the Chiroptera, and the Sirenia (in concordance with trees based on other data); a ferungulate association of Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea and Sirenia; and an assemblage of related Dermoptera, Primates, Scandentia, and Chiroptera which in this model also includes Insectivora and Macroscelidea. Analyses based on brain characters can reinforce conclusions based on other data. while at the same time introducing new ideas about relationships. Neural traits provide a source of data independent of those commonly used in phylogenetic analysis, and are extremely valuable for testing old hypotheses and for introducing new ones. They also provide interesting suggestions about convergent or parallel evolution of characters: for example, two characters, loss of accessory olfactory formations and loss of lamination in the dorsal cochlear nuclei, together occur convergently in several lines (bats, monkeys, seals, dolphins and manatees); one common feature in the evolution of these diverse groups is departure from a terrestrial habitat. This is consistent with the functional loss of the accessory olfactory formation, which is activated by airborne olfactory pheromones; it establishes a basis for more informed speculation about the still mysterious role of the dorsal cochlear nuclei in the auditory system.
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页码:319 / 347
页数:29
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