THE NATURE OF GROUNDWATER-FLOW IN FRACTURED ROCK - EVIDENCE FROM THE ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF RECRYSTALLIZED FRACTURE CALCITES FROM THE CANADIAN PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD

The isotope geochemistry of fracture calcites in three Precambrian plutons on the Canadian Shield has been investigated in order to understand the palcohydrogeological conditions in fractured crystalline rock. Fracture calcites of ancient hydrothermal origins in the Chalk River and East Bull Lake plutons exhibit O-18 enrichment and C-13 depletion trends resulting from recent low-temperature calcite recrystallization under open-system conditions for oxygen, but semiclosed for carbon, and under extremely variable time-integrated, water/rock (calcite) ratios. This process causes recycling of elements with calcite distribution coefficients > 1 (rare earths, manganese, and possibly iron) from the precursor calcite to younger calcites as well as calcite control over the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of the groundwater within the Chalk River pluton. The large but variable water/rock (calcite) mole ratios calculated from the shifts in the stable isotopic compositions of fractures calcites are compatible with fracture flow models that invoke flow channeling within single fractures that also contain regions of immobile porosity. Quantification of isotopic shifts resulting from recrystallization requires that the initial isotopic composition of the precursor hydrothermal calcite be well constrained. Unlike the Chalk River and East Bull Lake plutons, hydrothermal fracture calcites in the White Lake pluton, which intrudes marble-rich country rocks of the Grenville Supergroup, have highly variable delta-C-13 and delta-O-18 values. This attributed to mixing of carbon from magmatic and sedimentary reservoirs, and to oxygen isotopic exchange between hydrothermal fluids and carbonate country rocks at the time of intrusion. Convective circulation of meteoric groundwater from the surrounding C-13-rich carbonate rocks (up to 6.6 parts per thousand) resulted in delta-C-13 values as heavy as 3.0 parts per thousand for the fracture calcites in the pluton.