THE GENOMES OF THE ANIMAL PAPILLOMAVIRUSES EUROPEAN ELK PAPILLOMAVIRUS, DEER PAPILLOMAVIRUS, AND REINDEER PAPILLOMAVIRUS CONTAIN A NOVEL TRANSFORMING GENE (E9) NEAR THE EARLY POLYADENYLATION SITE

We report that the genomes of reindeer papillomavirus (RPV), European elk papillomavirus (EEPV), and deer papillomavirus (DPV) contain a short conserved translational open reading frame (ORF), E9, which is located between the E5 ORF and the early polyadenylation site. In RPV, DPV, and EEPV, E9 ORFs have the potential to encode extremely hydrophobic polypeptides of approximately 40 amino acids. In mouse C127 cells transformed by EEPV and RPV, there exists a unique, abundant mRNA species of approximately 700 nucleotides which has the capacity to encode an E9 polypeptide. This mRNA is transcribed from a previously unrecognized promoter at position 4030 in the EEPV genome. The EEPV E9 ORF exhibits weak transforming activity in C127 cells and primary rat embryo fibroblasts. We also show that EEPV E5 is the major oncogene in the EEPV genome when assayed in C127 cells, although it is less efficient in transformation than the E5 genes of bovine papillomavirus type 1, DPV, and RPV.