Integration has attracted much attention in manufacturing research, especially when related to Computer Integrated Manufacturing. There is, however, a need to develop a framework for understanding the role of integration in manufacturing. We first define integration as 'joining together to make one, i. e. a whole. ' Then we show that integration actually means re-integration, because the process of designing a manufacturing system starts with a set of products and an entire factory which is already integrated. The term 'function' is used to describe the basic divisions of an industrial organisation which forms its invariant elements. This allows us to discuss integration inside functions, e. g. product design, production planning, purchasing, and production control. Means for integration across function boundaries include common goals, main links and consultation links. A move toward integration in one function is likely to lead to improvements in other functions and in general. This calls for new organisational means for working across functions. In conclusion, we recommend a progressive approach to integration, which (1) integrates goals, (2) plans integration inside each function, (3) plans integration between functions, and (4) organises the system.
