DELTA-O-18 AND DELTA-C-13 VALUES OF MODERN BRACHIOPOD SHELLS

Researchers have not rigorously tested the hypothesis that calcite from modern brachiopod shells is precipitated in oxygen isotope equilibrium with ambient seawater. Isotopic variability at the intraspecimen and intertaxon levels has not been examined. Without such data for modem brachiopods, similar data from ancient brachiopods cannot be accurately interpreted. In this study, a survey is made of delta(18)O and delta(13)C values of Terebratulid, Rhynchonellid, Thecideidine, and Craniacean brachiopods from Antarctica, the Bay of Fundy, Curacao, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Puget Sound, Palau, Sicily, and South Africa. This suite of samples provides a wide range of taxonomic levels, temperatures, salinities, and depositional environments for evaluating the degree of isotopic equilibrium attained during precipitation of brachiopod calcite. New data indicate that modern brachiopod calcite is not always precipitated in oxygen and carbon isotope equilibrium with ambient seawater. Calcite from the primary layer and specialized shell structures (hinge, brachidium, foramen, interarea, muscle scars) are depleted in both O-18 and C-13, a characteristic of biological fractionation or ''vital'' effects often found in other calcerous, marine organisms. Our findings suggest that these portions of the brachiopod shell should be avoided during sampling of ancient brachiopods. Secondary layer calcite, the material most often analyzed in ancient brachiopods, has higher delta(18)O and delta(13)C values which approach and sometimes correspond with predicted equilibrium values. Therefore, secondary layer calcite is the most suitable portion of the brachiopod shell for use as an ancient seawater proxy. Although near equilibrium precipitation in secondary layer calcite is encouraging to those studying the isotopic composition of ancient oceans, these data come with caveats. Large intraspecimen variability in the delta(18)O values of secondary layer calcite (+/- 1 parts per thousand in some samples) limits the use of brachiopods as precise indicators of the delta(18)O value or temperature of ancient seawater. The delta(18)O and delta(13)C values of secondary layer calcite deviate from predicted equilibrium values toward the lower values of the primary layer and specialized shell structures, indicating a measurable ''vital'' effect. In most cases, measured delta(18)O values are lower than the calculated equilibrium values dictated by seasonal variations in the delta(18)O value and temperature of seawater. Ontogenetic variations in the delta(13)C values of secondary layer calcite have also been measured and must be assessed when interpreting ancient data. Modern brachiopods occur in a wide range of seawater salinities and temperatures. Therefore, the relation between salinity and the delta(18)O value of seawater must be known to correctly calculate the temperature of calcite precipitation from secondary layer delta(18)O values. Errors of up to 15 degrees C are found if ambient seawater is assumed to have a constant delta(18)O value (e.g., 0 parts per thousand SMOW) and the delta(18)O values of secondary layer calcite are used to calculate temperature. Coupled with ''vital'' effects and intraspecimen variability, these errors can obscure the resolution of secular variations in the rock record.