A CONCEPTUAL-APPROACH TO SELECTION OF A CONTROL MEASURE FOR RESIDUAL CHLORINE DISCHARGE IN KUWAIT BAY

被引:13
作者
KHORDAGUI, HK
机构
[1] Environmental Science Department High Institute of Public Health, The University of Alexandria, Alexandria
关键词
COOLING WATER; KUWAIT BAY; RESIDUAL CHLORINE; BIOFOULING; CHLORINATION ALTERNATIVES;
D O I
10.1007/BF02400069
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
It is estimated that some 17 metric tons of residual oxidants (chlorine) are discharged into the enclosed coastal seawater of Kuwait on a daily basis from power-desalination plants alone. Alarmed by the unlimited number of reported cases of damage to marine aquatic systems due to chlorine discharge around the world. Several alternatives were proposed to control such a massive discharge of residual oxidant into seawaters. Most of the proposed alternatives lacked the basic criteria necessary for their evaluation, justification, and then selection. The objective of this article is to provide a conceptual approach that can be used to select a control measure for residual oxidant discharge in Kuwait coastal seawaters. This approach is based on state-of-the-art knowledge and the unique operational and environmental factors involved. A matrix system was designed whereby the cost of residual chlorine control alterative, its effectiveness, and environmental and public health impact, performance, and reliability in Kuwait can be compared and evaluated. The selection approach considered currently operating power plants in terms of their engineering design and material (cast iron or steel condensers), current operational conditions, operator's perception, acceptability, and projected problems associated with the environmental management of proposed modifications. The Proposed approach revealed that in Kuwait, conventinal chlorination was marginally superseded only by chlorination/dechlorination using SO2 and operation alteration using process optimization. The overall cost-effective assessment matrix classified other alternatives as worse than chlorination by various degrees. Ozone and UV were found to be the worst and the least desirable alternatives for biofouling control of seawater in Kuwait. In light of the available information on the consequences of the Gulf War on the marine environment, and the potential formation of additional halogenated organic compounds through the reaction of residual chlorine with the released petroleum hydrocarbons, it is essential to control residual chlorine discharged into the nearshore environment of Kuwait.
引用
收藏
页码:309 / 316
页数:8
相关论文
共 36 条
[1]  
ALHOTI BN, 1987, THESIS U MIAMI MIAMI
[2]  
ALI MY, 1986, MARINE POLLUTION B, V17, P9
[3]  
BLUME WJ, 1980, CONDENSER BIOFOULING
[4]  
BONGERS LH, 1978, WATER CHLORINATION E, V2
[5]  
BURTON DT, 1978, WATER CHLORINATION E, V2
[6]  
CHARAKALIS WG, 1985, P CONDENSER BIOFOULI
[7]  
CHEN CL, 1981, EPA660S281169 MUN EN
[8]  
CHOW W, 1988, EPRI J APR, P45
[9]  
FAVA JA, 1985, WATER CHLORINATION E, V5
[10]  
GAREY JF, 1978, OCT AQ APPL OZ WORKS