Developing microsatellite markers for insect population structure: Complex variation in a checkerspot butterfly

We isolated and characterized two microsatellite markers from the genome of the endangered checkerspot butterfly Melitaea einxia L. In Finland, this species only survives on the Aland islands, where it exhibits a highly fragmented metapopulation structure on small meadows. Four alleles were observed at the locus CINX1 and nine at CINX4; the total gene diversities at the two loci were H-T = 0.34 and 0.80, respectively. A pilot survey showed moderate gene frequency differentiation among meadows (local populations; F-LM = 0.1) and among metapopulations c. 30 km apart (F-MT = 0.2). Contrary to prior expectation, distinct feeding larval groups collected in the spring did not represent offspring of single females. There was a conspicuous excess of homozygotes within local populations (F-IL = 0.35), which can hardly be attributed to population structure alone; this urges caution in straightforward interpretation of microsatellite phenotype data.