A GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE PSEUDOGENE ON THE SHORT ARM OF THE HUMAN X-CHROMOSOMES DEFINES A MULTIGENE FAMILY

A human X chromosome-derived gene sequence which recognizes an abundant, 1.2-kb [kilobase] mRNA in several cell types was previously isolated during a study to identify expressed sequences from an X chromosome recombinant library. Further characterization of this clone, acronym OA1, has shown that it maps to the short arm of the X, at Xp21 to Xp22. A 777-bp [base pair] fragment of the clone which hybridizes to the 1.2-kb mRNA was sequenced, and the inferred amino acid sequence shows 80% homology with the published protein sequence for human muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The fragment shows even higher homology (87%) with pig muscle GAPDH. The OA1 clone selects an mRNA which translates in vitro into a polypeptide of 36K, the subunit size of GAPDH. The X-sequence is most probably a pseudogene whose structure is consistent with it having arisen by reverse transcription of a GAPDH or GAPDH-related mRNA followed by insertion into the X chromosome. The GAPDH-related portion of OA1 hybridizes to several DNA fragments in human and mouse DNA, and 6 fibroblast cDNA clones which cross-hybridize to OA1 identify the same genomic fragments as OA1. This series of clones identifies a new, conserved GAPDH-related multigene family.