CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE P-GLYCOPROTEIN TRANSPORT FUNCTION WITH AN ORGANOTECHNETIUM CATION

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in mammalian cells and tumors is associated with overexpression of an similar to 170 kDa integral membrane efflux transporter, the MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Hexakis(2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile)technetium(I) (Tc-SESTAMIBI), a gamma-emitting lipophilic cationic metallopharmaceutical, has recently been shown to be a P-glycoprotein transport substrate. Exploiting the negligible lipid membrane adsorption properties of this organometallic substrate, we studied the transport kinetics, pharmacology, drug binding, and modulation of P-glycoprotein in cell preparations derived from a variety of species and selection strategies, including SW-1573, V79, Alex, and CHO drug-sensitive cells and in 77A, LZ-8, and Alex/A.5 MDR cells. Rapid cell accumulation (t(1/2) approximate to 6 min) of the agent to a steady state was observed which was inversely proportional to immunodetectable levels of P-glycoprotein. Many MDR cytotoxic agents inhibited P-glycoprotein-mediated Tc-SESTAMIBI efflux, thereby enhancing organometallic cation accumulation. Median effective concentrations (EC(50); mu M) were as follows: vinblastine, 13; daunomycin, 55; idarubicin, 65; actinomycin D, 235; colchicine, minimal inhibition; adriamycin, no effect. P-glycoprotein modulators generally demonstrated significantly greater potency (EC(50); mu M): SDZ PSC 833, 0.08; cyclosporin A, 1.3; verapamil, 4.1; quinidine, 6.4; prazosin, >300. Modulator-induced enhancement up to 100-fold was observed with Hill coefficients approximate to 1, consistent with simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Vanadate was an efficacious transport inhibitor, while agents usually not included in the MDR phenotype were without effect. Scatchard analysis showed quinidine to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of P-glycoprotein-mediated Tc-SESTAMIBI transport, indicating allosteric effector sites on P-glycoprotein. The lipid bilayer adsorbing agents tetraphenyl berate and phloretin induced large increases in final Tc-SESTAMIBI accumulation, showing maximal accumulations 2-fold greater than classic MDR modulators and Hill coefficients much greater than 2. In V79 and 77A cells, modulators of PKC activity altered Tc-SESTAMLBI accumulation, while there was no indication of modulation of P-glycoproteinmediated Tc-SESTAMIBI transport by hypotonic buffer, extracellular ATP, Cl-, or K+ (membrane potential). While recognized and avidly transported by the P-glycoprotein at buffer concentrations as low as 7 pM, Tc-SESTAMTBI at up to 100 mu M only minimally modulated the cytotoxic action of colchicine, doxorubicin, or vinblastine in MDR cells. In conclusion, transport analysis with Tc-SESTAMIBI is a sensitive assay for detecting functional expression of low levels of P-glycoprotein and for the quantitative characterization of transporter modulation and regulation. The biochemical data favor a high K-m, high capacity allosterically modulated translocation mechanism for P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of this organometallic cation. In addition, the known physicochemical properties of Tc-SESTAMIBI combined with effects of the membrane adsorbing agents indicate that lipid-protein interactions are critical for transport of this metallopharmaceutical and would suggest that this drug gains access to protein transport domains from the lipid phase with rapid time constants.