A RHEOOPTICAL STUDY OF SHEAR-THICKENING AND STRUCTURE FORMATION IN POLYMER-SOLUTIONS .1. EXPERIMENTAL

Simultaneous measurements of the optical and rheological response of solutions of highly fractionated polystyrenes have been made, in-situ, to ascertain the connection between flow-induced structure formation and the phenomenon of shear-thickening. Transient and steady state viscosity, dichroism, birefringence and the associated orientation angles were measured in decalin and bromobenzene in the semi-dilute region using a couette device capable of shear rates up to 8,000 s-1. A one-to-one correlation has been found between the occurrence of maxima in the dichroism and minima in the viscosity. While the size and shape of the shear-thickening structures could not be directly determined, results suggest they are intermediate in size between a cluster of entangled chains and a completely phase-separated liquid. For solutions exhibiting shear-thinning alone, no maximum in dichroism was observed, the signal instead showed a saturation behavior at high shear rates. Birefringence was found to be insensitive to the structure formation and attributable to that of the dissolved chains or entanglement regions. The kinetics of the structuring process leading to shear-thickening are instantaneous and completely reversible and there is a concentration window, above and below which only shear-thinning occurs.