In this work, a complete assignment of Raman and IR modes is reported for both poly(thienylene vinylene) and poly(furylene vinylene) whose chains are composed of an alternation of aromatic rings and vinyl groups. In order to achieve these attributions, we have developped a valence force field model. The vibrations of an aromatic ring show some similarities in a series of compounds with the same cycle. So the same set of parameters is used to calculate vibrational modes for both polymers and model compounds such as trans-bis(2-thienyl)ethylene, a molecule composed of two thiophene rings separated by a vinyl group. Therefore, we present an experimental comparison between Raman spectra of poly(thienylene vinylene), thiophene and trans-bis(2-thienyl)ethylene, and the assignment of the vibrational modes in the latter molecule is also discussed.