Otoconial afferents in the bullfrog were characterized as gravity or vibratory sensitive by their resting activity and their responses to head tilt and vibration. The responses of gravity afferents to head tilt were tonic, phasic-tonic, or phasic. A few afferents, termed vibratory/gravity afferents, had gravity as well as vibratory sensitivity. Functionally identified otoconial afferents were injected with Lucifer Yellow and subsequently traced to their peripheral arborizations. Morphological maps, previously constructed with the scanning electron microscope, were used to identify microstructural features of the sensory maculae associated with the peripheral arborizations of dye-filled afferents. The utricular and lagenar macula each is composed of a specialized central band surrounded by a peripheral field. The central bands are composed of densely packed medial rows and more sparsely packed lateral rows of hair cells. Hair cells exhibit a variety of surface topographies which correspond with their macular location. The response dynamics of afferents in the utricle and lagena correspond with the macular locations of their peripheral arborizations. Tonic afferents were traced to hair cells in the peripheral field. Phasic-tonic and phasic afferents innervated hair cells in the lateral rows of the central band, the former innervating hair cells at the edges of the central band and the latter innervating hair cells located more medially. Afferents with vibratory sensitivity were traced to hair cells in the medial rows of the lagenar central band. The response dynamics of afferents corresponded with the surface topography of their innervated hair cells. Tonic and phasic-tonic gravity afferents innervated hair cells with stereociliary arrays markedly shorter than their kinocilium (Lewis and Li types B and C) while phasic gravity and vibratory afferents innervated hair cells with stereociliary arrays nearly equal to their kinocilium (Lewis and Li types E and F). Vibratory sensitivity was uniquely associated with hair cells possessing bulbed kinocilium (Lewis and Li type E) while afferents sensitive to both gravity and vibration innervated hair cells from both of the above groups. We argue that afferent response dynamics are determined, at least in part, at the level of the sensory hair bundle and that morphological variations of the kinocilium and the otoconial membrane are dictated by specialization of sensitivity. We propose that morphological variations of the kinocilium reflect variations in its viscoelastic properties and that these properties determine the nature of the mechanical couple between the stereociliary array and the otoconial membrane.
