DEPENDENCE OF RUNOFF PHOSPHORUS ON EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS

The sustainable management of fertilizer and manure P to minimize freshwater eutrophication requires identification of soil P levels that exceed crop P requirements and have the potential for P enrichment of runoff. Although several states have established such P levels, insufficient data are available to theoretically justify them. Thus, this study investigates the relationship between the concentrations of P in runoff and in soil. Surface samples (0-10 cm) of 10 oklahoma soils were packed in 0.15 m(2) boxes, incubated for 7 d with poultry litter (0-20 Mg ha(-1)) to obtain a range in Mehlich-3 P contents (7-360 mg kg(-1)), and received five 30-min rainfalls applied at 1-d intervals. The concentration of dissolved, bioavailable, and particulate P in runoff was related (r(2) > 0.90; P < 0.1) to the Mehlich-3 P content of surface soil (0-1 cm), with regression slopes ranging from 2.0 to 7.2, increasing as soil P sorption maxima increased (r(2) = 0.93). Two soils of 200 mg kg(-1) Mehlich-3 P supported a dissolved P concentration in runoff of 280 mu g L(-1) (San Saba clay; fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellustert) and 1360 mu g L(-1) (Stigler silt loam; fine, mixed, thermic Aquic Paleudalf). Thus, relationships between runoff and soil P will have to be soil specific for use in management recommendations. A single linear relationship described the dependence of dissolved (r(2) = 0.86) and bioavailable P (r(2) = 0.85) on soil P sorption saturation. The added complexity of the P saturation approach may limit its application; however, the approach integrates the effect of soil type with soil P content to better estimate the potential for P loss in runoff than soil P alone.