FISH-LIKE GILLS AND BREATHING IN THE EARLIEST KNOWN TETRAPOD

THE origin of tetrapods is generally associated with the emergence of terrestrial vertebrate life. Anatomical features unique to tetrapods are usually considered to be adaptations to the terrestrial environment. Here we report the discovery of a fish-like branchial skeleton in Acanthostega gunnari, from the Upper Devonian of East Greenland, one of the earliest tetrapods known. It shows a proximally expanded ceratohyal and large, ventrally grooved ceratobranchials. Such grooves are found in the ceratobranchials of modern fishes, and house the afferent branchial aortic arches. The shoulder girdle bears a postbranchial lamina along its anterior margin. In fishes this supports the posterior wall of the opercular chamber. Acanthostega seems to have retained fish-like internal gills and an open opercular chamber for use in aquatic respiration, implying that the earliest tetrapods were not fully terrestrial. The discovery provides information on the sequence of acquisition of tetrapod characters, and supports previous suggestions that such characters as legs with digits' evolved first for use in water.