STEREOISOMERS OF CALCIUM-ANTAGONISTS WHICH DIFFER MARKEDLY IN THEIR POTENCIES AS CALCIUM BLOCKERS ARE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN MODULATING DRUG TRANSPORT BY P-GLYCOPROTEIN

The (-)-isomer of verapamil is 10-fold more potent as a calcium antagonist than the (+)-isomer. However, both enantiomers are equally effective in increasing cellular accumulation of anticancer drugs [Gruber et al., Int J Cancer 41: 224-226, 1988]. In addition to verapamil, there exists a wide variety of stereoisomers with phenylalkylamines and dihydropyridine structures which markedly differ in their potency as calcium antagonists. We have tested these drugs for their ability to increase intracellular accumulation of [H-3]vinblastine ([H-3]VBL) in a doxorubicin-resistant cell line (F4-6RADR) derived from the Friend mouse leukemia cell line (F4-6P) and in COS-7 monkey kidney cells. Both cell types express substantial amounts of multidrug resistance gene 1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein as revealed by RNA and immuno blot analysis. The enantiomers with phenylalkylamine structures [(+/-)-verapamil; (+/-)-devapamil; (+/-)-emopamil)] and with dihydropyridine structures [(+/-)-isradipine; (+/-)-nimodipine; (+/-)-felodipine; (+/-)-nitrendipine; (+/-)-niguldipine] increased [H-3]VBL accumulation in both cell lines at micromolar concentrations. Although the stereoisomers of these drugs differ markedly in their potency as calcium channel blockers they were about equally effective in increasing VBL levels in the cells. There was no substantial difference in the potencies of the phenylalkylamine drugs in affecting cellular [H-3]VBL transport. Major potency differences, however, were observed in the dihydropyridine drug series with the niguldipine isomers as the most effective drugs. Moreover, the niguldipine enantiomers were equally as effective in reversing VBL resistance in F4-6RADR cells as were the verapamil enantiomers. Since (-)-niguldipine (B859-35) displays a 45-fold lower affinity for calcium channel binding sites than (+)-niguldipine, but is equally potent in inhibiting drug transport by P-glycoprotein and in reversing drug resistance, it may be, in addition to (+)-verapamil, another useful candidate drug for the treatment of multidrug resistance in cancer patients.