In order to obtain a more precise microtopographical surface map of the epithelium of the rabbit vaginal mucosa, investigations by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been systematically correlated. The epithelium was examined from the "portio vaginalis cervicis uteri" down to the "vestibulum". This study shows that the upper 2/3 of the vagina - which, in this species, is very long, measuring 13-14 cm - is lined by a single epithelial layer of tall ciliated and microvillous cells closely resembling the endocervical epithelium with which it is continuous. Moreover, these ciliated and microvillous cells also cover mucosal infoldings in the upper part of the vagina, especially those on the ectocervix and in the fornices, and scattered vaginal crypts. In particular, the ciliated elements decrease in number below the fornices, so that in large areas of the middle part of the vagina only microvillous cells are recognizable. Prior to the squamo-columnar junction, however, the ciliated cells increase again. This study also reveals that in the rabbit the squamo-columnar junction is located at the level of the pubic symphysis and that a squamous pluristratified epithelium covers only the lower 1/3 of the inner surface of the vaginal wall. In the estrous, i.e., precoital rabbit, the microvillous cells show little sign of secretion, whereas after mating they exhibit remarkable secretory features. These seem to increase progressively with postcoital stages (5 h, 24 h and 10 days) in the form of extensive mucification. These secretions often come in contact with spermatozoa retained in the mucosal infoldings and crypts, and are similar to those occurring in the endometrium, where they clearly depend upon progesterone activity. These epithelial features, different from those of other mammals, including humans, suggest that the greater part of the rabbit vagina accomplishes functions other than serving for copulation and as a fetal passageway. The present findings support the view that the rabbit vagina also plays a role as a reservoir of spermatozoa and in maintaining their viability, like the endometrium and endocervix.
