LUPIN GRAIN YIELDS AND FERTILIZER EFFECTIVENESS ARE INCREASED BY BANDING SUPERPHOSPHATE BELOW THE SEED

Five field experiments with lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) measured the effectiveness, for production, of 4 superphosphate placements either: (i) drilled with the seed to a depth of 4 or 5 cm; (ii) applied to the soil surface (topdressed) before sowing; or (iii) banded 2.5-5 cm and 7.5-8 cm below the seed while sowing. Levels of applied phosphate (P) from 0 to 36 kg P/ha were tested. In all experiments lupin grain yield responded to the highest level of superphosphate applied. At this P level, the average grain yield from all trails was 1.16 t/ha for the deepest banded treatment. This was 0.38 t/ha (49%) better than P drilled with the seed, and 0.62 t/ha (115%) better than P topdressed. Relative to superphosphate drilled with the seed and regardless of the lupin cultivar or the phosphate status of the soil, the effectiveness of superphosphate was increased by 10-90% by banding below the seed, and decreased by 30-60% by topdressing. Increasing the levels of superphosphate drilled with the seed generally reduced the density of seedlings and reduced early vegetative growth, probably due to salt or P toxicity. However, during the growing season, the plants treated with high levels of superphosphate recovered, so that eventually yields of dried tops and grain responded to increasing superphosphate drilled with the seed. In each experiment there was a common relationship between yield and P content in lupin tissue, regardless of how the superphosphate was applied, suggesting that lupins responded solely to P, and other factors did not alter yield. We recommend that farmers band superphosphate 5-8 cm below the seed while sowing, rather than continue the present practices of either drilling the fertiliser with the seed, or topdressing it before sowing.