Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up

被引:11
作者
Elmaadawi, Ahmed Z. [1 ]
Jensen, Peter S. [2 ]
Arnold, L. Eugene [3 ]
Molina, Brooke S. G. [4 ]
Hechtman, Lily [5 ]
Abikoff, Howard B. [6 ]
Hinshaw, Stephen P. [7 ]
Newcorn, Jeffrey H. [8 ]
Greenhill, Laurence Lee [9 ]
Swanson, James M. [10 ]
Galanter, Cathryn A. [11 ,12 ]
机构
[1] Indiana Univ Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, South Bend Campus,707 N Michigan St,Suite 400, South Bend, IN 46601 USA
[2] REACH Inst, New York, NY 10029 USA
[3] Ohio State Univ, Dept Psychiat, Columbus, OH 43219 USA
[4] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
[5] McGill Univ, Dept Psychiat & Pediat, Hlth Ctr, Montreal, PQ H2X 3J4, Canada
[6] NYU, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Child Study Ctr, Langone Med Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA
[7] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Psychol, Berkeley, CA 94305 USA
[8] Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Psychiat & Pediat, New York, NY 10029 USA
[9] New York Psychiat Inst, Dept Clin Child & Adolescent Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA
[10] Univ Calif Irvine, Child Dev Ctr, Dept Pediat & Epidemiol, Irvine, CA 94305 USA
[11] Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
[12] Kings Cty Hosp Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
关键词
Multimodal treatment study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Irritability; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Diagnostic interview schedule for children; Bipolar disorder;
D O I
10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.412
中图分类号
R749 [精神病学];
学科分类号
100205 [精神病与精神卫生学];
摘要
AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old. METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type I and II diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children (DISC), administered to both parents (DISC-P) and youth (DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD (n = 579) to a local normative comparison group (LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts (TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic (PM) and non-specific manic (NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects. RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD (1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects rep- orted significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time (df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability (BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG (chi(2) = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM (df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2 (A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies.
引用
收藏
页码:412 / 424
页数:13
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