Scanning electron microscope observations of CO2 laser effects on dental enamel

Studies of the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers on dental enamel have demonstrated that surface changes can be produced at low fluences (< 10 J/cm(2)) if wavelengths are used which are efficiently absorbed by the hard tissues. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the wavelength dependence of surface changes in dental enamel after exposure to an extensive range of CO2 laser conditions. Bovine and human enamel were irradiated by a tunable, pulsed CO2 laser (9.3, 9.6, 10.3, 10.6 mu m), with 5, 25, or 100 pulses, at absorbed fluences of 2, 5, 10, or 20 J/cm(2), and pulse widths of 50, 100, 200, 500 mu s. SEM micrographs revealed evidence of melting, crystal fusion, and exfoliation in a wavelength-dependent manner. Crystal fusion occurred at absorbed fluences as low as 5 J/cm(2) per pulse at 9.3, 9.6, and 10.3 mu m, in contrast to no crystal fusion at 10.6 mu m (less than or equal to 20 J/cm(2)). Longer pulses at constant fluence conditions decreased the extent of surface melting and crystal fusion. The total number of laser pulses delivered to the tissue did not significantly affect surface changes as long as a minimum of 5 to 10 pulses was used. Within the four easily accessible wavelengths of the CO2 laser, there are dramatic differences in the observed surface changes of dental hard tissue.