Screening, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis: a brief review

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent condition characterized by decreases in bone mass and microarchitectural alterations. Bone fractures, especially of the hip and vertebrae, are the most burdensome complications of osteoporosis, being associated with high risk of disability, institutionalization and mortality. The detection of osteoporosis relies on the quantification of bone mineral density via imaging techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, therapeutic decision-making should be based on a comprehensive fracture risk assessment, which may be obtained through validated algorithms. Once the decision of treating has been taken, non-pharmacological strategies should be implemented together with the prescription of anti-osteoporotic agents. Numerous drugs are currently available to treat osteoporosis and the choice of a specific compound should be guided by efficacy and safety considerations. The present review provides a concise synopsis of the current evidence in the management of osteoporosis, from screening to drug prescription. Novel anti-osteoporotic agents are also briefly presented.