ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPRINGS AND HISTORICAL REVIEW WITH CURRENT APPLICATIONS

Numerous geologic processes operate to form the many types of springs in existence today. Karst springs, glacial springs, and thermal springs are reviewed with examples from different parts of the world to emphasize the diversity of their origin. Since Meinzer's classification in 1927, the classification of springs has changed as our understanding of their origin and our scientific knowledge of springs have increased. Today several different classifications have been developed that concentrate on one or more specific characteristics such as size, mineral content, or temperature. A historic sketch of the classification of springs that documents the most common classifications in use is presented. From this historical perspective it is apparent how our understanding of springs, combined with technological advances, will affect future trends in the classification of springs. Eventually a definitive classification of springs, scientific as well as legal, combined with computer data bases, will aid not only in our academic understanding of springs, but in our practical usage. In the late 20th century, there has been increased demand for spring, mineral, and curative waters. Springs, specifically their origin, have become increasingly important. Legislation to protect the rights and safety of consumers regarding springs is forthcoming from state, federal, national, and international organizations. Some current legislation will be highlighted to provide some insight into how exactly these legal rulings affect our use and definitions of springs. The purpose of this paper is to establish the geological/hydrogeological framework for the diversity of origin and form of springs in addition to providing a historical perspective on classification systems throughout the ages.