We report here the use of an alternative cariler diphtheria toxoid (DT) In human subjects to overcome antigen-specific unresponsiveness upon Immunization with a hapten/ligand-carrier conjugate. In the phase I clinical trial of a birth control vaccine using gonadotrophin subunits linked to tetanus toxoid, some of the subjects failed to evoke a booster antibody response to human chorlonic gonadotrophin (hCG). Presentation of the ligand on DT Instead In subsequent Immunizations restored anti-hCG response. © 1990, Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.