Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has become the predominant conservative treatment for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Its mechanism of action continues to be defined but has been shown to involve a T helper type 1 (Th1) immunomodulatory response. While BCG treatment is the current standard of care, a significant proportion of patients fails or do not tolerate treatment. Therefore, many efforts have been made to identify other intravesical and immunomodulating therapeutics to use alone or in conjunction with BCG. This paper reviews the progress of basic science and clinical experience with several immunotherapeutic agents including IFN-alpha, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-10.
机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Bazarbashi, Shouki
;
Soudy, Hussein
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Soudy, Hussein
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Abdelsalam, Mahmoud
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Abdelsalam, Mahmoud
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Al-Jubran, Ali
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Al-Jubran, Ali
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Akhtar, Saad
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Akhtar, Saad
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Memon, Muhammad
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Memon, Muhammad
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Aslam, Muhammad
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Urol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Aslam, Muhammad
;
Kattan, Said
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Urol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Kattan, Said
;
Shoukri, Mohamed
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Biostat Epidemiol & Sci Comp, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Bazarbashi, Shouki
;
Soudy, Hussein
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Soudy, Hussein
;
Abdelsalam, Mahmoud
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Abdelsalam, Mahmoud
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Al-Jubran, Ali
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Al-Jubran, Ali
;
Akhtar, Saad
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机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Akhtar, Saad
;
Memon, Muhammad
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h-index: 0
机构:King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Memon, Muhammad
;
Aslam, Muhammad
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h-index: 0
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Urol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Aslam, Muhammad
;
Kattan, Said
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King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Urol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
Kattan, Said
;
Shoukri, Mohamed
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h-index: 0
机构:
King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Biostat Epidemiol & Sci Comp, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, King Faisal Canc Ctr, Sect Med Oncol, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia