MENTAL MODELS OF MIRROR-SELF-RECOGNITION - 2 THEORIES

被引:150
作者
MITCHELL, RW
机构
[1] Department of Psychology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond
关键词
D O I
10.1016/0732-118X(93)90002-U
中图分类号
B84 [心理学];
学科分类号
04 ; 0402 ;
摘要
Mirror-self-recognition is usually indicated by an organism's passing the mark test-that is, wiping a mark off its face upon observing its reflection in a mirror or on a video-screen. Two theories are presented to explain mirror-self-recognition. One theory relies upon the organism making an inductive (plausible but not necessary) inference utilizing (1) mature kinesthetic-visual matching and (2) understanding of mirror-correspondence. The other theory relies upon the organism making a deductive inference, and this theory states that necessary and sufficient conditions for mirror-self-recognition are (1) fully understanding object permanence, (2) understanding mirror-correspondence, and (3) objectifying body-parts. Both theories suggest that limited self-knowledge is required for mirror-self-recognition. Available evidence supports both theories to some degree. Organisms passing the mark test may not, however, be recognizing their own images: human infants passing the mark test also attempt to wipe a mark off their face upon observing another human with a mark on its face. Passing the mark test, then, may result solely from an organism's wondering if it is similar to other organisms in having a mark on its face, with the idea that it may be similar deriving from imitation via kinesthetic-visual matching. Self-recognition is variable in different species and during human ontogeny, such that variable explanations may be required for different species and at different ages. Humans appear unique in using mirrors to create an image of themselves to conform to others' desires concerning their appearance, thereby exhibiting a ''reflective self-awareness'' which incorporates their awareness of another's perspective into their own self-awareness.
引用
收藏
页码:295 / 325
页数:31
相关论文
共 160 条
[1]   MIRROR SELF-IMAGE REACTIONS BEFORE AGE 2 [J].
AMSTERDAM, B .
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, 1972, 5 (04) :297-+
[3]   RESPONSES OF CAPUCHIN MONKEYS (CEBUS-APELLA) TO DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF MIRROR-IMAGE STIMULATION [J].
ANDERSON, JR ;
ROEDER, JJ .
PRIMATES, 1989, 30 (04) :581-587
[4]   RESPONSES TO MIRROR-IMAGE STIMULATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SELF-RECOGNITION IN MIRROR-REARED AND PEER-REARED STUMPTAIL MACAQUES [J].
ANDERSON, JR .
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SECTION B-COMPARATIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 1983, 35 (AUG) :201-212
[5]   THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-RECOGNITION - A REVIEW [J].
ANDERSON, JR .
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, 1984, 17 (01) :35-49
[6]   MONKEYS WITH MIRRORS - SOME QUESTIONS FOR PRIMATE PSYCHOLOGY [J].
ANDERSON, JR .
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, 1984, 5 (01) :81-98
[7]  
[Anonymous], MENTAL MODELS COGNIT
[8]  
Antinucci, 1989, COGNITIVE STRUCTURE
[9]  
Artaud Y., 1984, P423
[10]   DETECTION OF INTERMODAL PROPRIOCEPTIVE VISUAL CONTINGENCY AS A POTENTIAL BASIS OF SELF-PERCEPTION IN INFANCY [J].
BAHRICK, LE ;
WATSON, JS .
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 1985, 21 (06) :963-973