Clinical Spectrum of Hospital Acquired Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective Study from Central India

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder worldwide that is associated with severe morbidity, mortality and cost. If managed adequately and in a timely manner, the majority of these cases are preventable, treatable and often reversible with simple measures. We conducted a two years prospective study of patients admitted to medical and surgical units of a tertiary care center in Central India to identify the causes of Hospital Acquired AKI (HAAKI) and its impact on patient outcomes. HAAKI occurred in 215 of 9,800 patients (2.1%). Sepsis (75; 34.88%), volume depletion and hypo perfusion (62; 28.83%), drugs (50; 23.25%), multifactorial (18; 8.37%) and radiocontrast agents (9; 4.2%) were the causes of HAAKI. Thirty-nine percent of patients had complete recovery and 9.3% had partial recovery of renal function. The overall in-hospital mortality due to HAAKI was 41.86%. On multivariate analysis, oliguria, multi-organ failure, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and sepsis showed significant association with in-hospital mortality. The mortality and morbidity associated with HAAKI mandates the need for active measures to decrease its incidence. Knowledge of incidence and risk factors is crucial because it drives local and international efforts on detection and treatment. To the best of our knowledge, no epidemiological study has been conducted or published on HAAKI from the Central India.