A CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR STAGE-2 SINTERING OF FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS .1. GRAIN-BOUNDARIES ACT AS PERFECT SOURCES AND SINKS FOR VACANCIES

In this paper, a constitutive model for stage 2 sintering of powder compacts by grain-boundary diffusion is established. A three-dimensional material model composed of a uniform array of tetrakai-decahedra shaped grains with spherical pores at each grain-boundary vertex is adopted. A bounding theorem described by Cocks for grain-boundary diffusion problems is used to obtain a lower bound to the scalar strain-rate potential, through which the macroscopic strain rates and macroscopic stresses are related. Use of the theorem requires a set of kinematically compatible fields of grain-boundary separation rates, matter flux along the grain-boundaries and macroscopic strain-rates to be proposed. In this paper, we focus our attention on the classical grain-boundary diffusion problem where grain-boundaries are assumed to act as perfect sources and sinks for vacancies. The effects of an interface-reaction are discussed in an accompanying paper [J. Pan and A. C. F. Cocks, Acta metall. mater. 42, 1223 (1994)].