THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES - INDEPENDENCE OR REDUNDANCY

Determining the relationship between conscious and unconscious influences is essential for obtaining valid estimates of the 2 types of influence. S. Joordens and P. M. Merikle (1993) recently argued that a redundancy relationship provides a plausible alternative to the independence model proposed by L. L. Jacoby, J. P. Toth, and A. P. Yonelinas (1993). In this article, the authors address Joordens and Merikle's concerns and still find the independence model preferable: First, the redundancy model requires the questionable assumption that a direct test (inclusion) is process pure. Second, results obtained with the independence model, but not with the redundancy model, converge with results from indirect tests. Finally, conclusions drawn from the independence model are in accordance with the theorizing that surrounds the concept of automaticity.