The effects of false starts and repetitions on the processing of subsequent words in spontaneous speech

Speech disfluencies have different effects on comprehension depending on the type and placement of disfluency. Words following false starts (such as windmill after in the in the eleventh example is um in the a windmill) have longer word monitoring latencies than the same tokens with the false starts excised. The decremental effect seems to be limited to false starts that occur in the middle of sentences or after discourse markers. I suggest it is at these points that the repair process is most burdened by the false start. In contrast, words following repetitions (heart in of a of a heart) do not have longer word monitoring latencies than the same tokens with the repetitions excised. In two experiments, words following spontaneously produced repetitions have faster word monitoring latencies. Two other experiments suggest that this seeming repetition advantage is more likely the result of slowed monitoring after a phonological phrase disruption. Inserting repetitions where they did not occur in a manner that preserved the original phonological phrases resulted in neither an advantage nor a disadvantage or repeating. These studies provide a first glimpse at how speech disfluencies affect understanding, and also provide information about the types of comprehension models that can accommodate the effects of speech disfluencies. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.