PIGMENTATION PHENOTYPES OF VARIANT EXTENSION LOCUS ALLELES RESULT FROM POINT MUTATIONS THAT ALTER MSH RECEPTOR FUNCTION

Coat colors in the chestnut horse, the yellow Labrador retriever, the red fox, and one type of yellow mouse are due to recessive alleles at the extension locus. Similarly, dominant alleles at this locus are often responsible for dark coat colors in mammals, such as the melanic form of the leopard, Panthera pardus. We show here that the murine extension locus encodes the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor. In mice, the recessive yellow allele (e) results from a frameshift that produces a prematurely terminated, nonfunctioning receptor. The sombre (E(so) and E(so-3J)) and tobacco darkening (E(tob)) alleles, which both have dominant melanizing effects, result from point mutations that produce hyperactive MSH receptors. The E(so-3J) receptor is constitutively activated, while the E(tob) receptor remains hormone responsive and produces a greater activation of its effector, adenylyl cyclase, than does the wild-type allele.