人们为什么相信假新闻:对“假新闻信念”的认知心理学解释

被引:24
作者
李艳红
刘佳诺
机构
[1] 中山大学传播与设计学院
关键词
假新闻; 直觉式思维; 分析式思维; 经典推理; 动机推理;
D O I
暂无
中图分类号
G210 [新闻学];
学科分类号
050301 [新闻学];
摘要
人们为什么相信假新闻?“假新闻信念”(fake news faith)形成的认知心理学机制是什么?以认知心理学为基础展开的假新闻研究为基于传播学取径的研究提供了补充,并构成了传播学与社会心理学的交叉领域。本文辨析并归纳了这一分支领域的成果,认为其揭示了假新闻现象背后广泛而深入的社会心理基础。研究发现,在解释人们为什么倾向于相信假新闻的问题上,存在两种彼此竞争的学术观点,分别可归纳为“思维论”和“动机论”:其中,思维论认为是思维惰性导致人们轻信假新闻,分析性思维的发展因而有助于抑制“相信假新闻”;动机论则认为人们是出于意识形态动机而相信特定假新闻,因而党派/意识形态立场是决定人们是否相信特定假新闻的关键。两种学术观点分别基于不同的认知心理理论,并均在经验研究中得到验证,但思维论所获得的经验支持更为全面。两种学术观点的争议进一步体现在,分析性思维可能如何“中介”意识形态动机对于“相信假新闻”的影响。文章并对这一学术分析的现实启示进行了延伸讨论。
引用
收藏
页码:14 / 26
页数:13
相关论文
共 44 条
[31]
Misinformation in a riot: a two-step flow view[J] Natalie Pang;Joshua Ng Online Information Review 2017,
[32]
Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government[J] KAHAN DAN M.;PETERS ELLEN;DAWSON ERICA CANTRELL;SLOVIC PAUL Behavioural Public Policy 2017,
[33]
Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression; Fake News; and the Role of Media Literacies in “Post-Fact” Society[J] Mihailidis Paul;Viotty Samantha American Behavioral Scientist 2017,
[34]
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election[J] Hunt Allcott;Matthew Gentzkow The Journal of Economic Perspectives 2017,
[35]
Everyday Consequences of Analytic Thinking[J] Gordon Pennycook;Jonathan A. Fugelsang;Derek J. Koehler Current Directions in Psychological Science 2015,
[36]
Override the controversy: Analytic thinking predicts endorsement of evolution[J] Will M. Gervais Cognition 2015,
[37]
The use of intuitive and analytic reasoning styles by patients with persecutory delusions[J] Daniel Freeman;Rachel Lister;Nicole Evans Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2014,
[38]
Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories[J] Viren Swami;Martin Voracek;Stefan Stieger;Ulrich S. Tran;Adrian Furnham Cognition 2014,
[39]
What Lies Beyond the Bubble? Trying Out One of the Stanford History Education Group's New History Assessments[J] David Gerwin The Social Studies 2014,
[40]
Ideology; Motivated Reasoning; and Cognitive Reflection[J] Dan M. Kahan Judgment and Decision Making 2013,