Production of bio-fuels from cottonseed cake by catalytic pyrolysis under steam atmosphere

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the amounts of catalytic pyrolysis products of cottonseed cake in steam atmosphere and investigate the effects of both zeolite and steam on pyrolysis yields. The effect of steam was investigated by co-feeding steam at various velocities (0.6:1.3:2.7 cm s(-1)) in the presence of zeolite (20 wt% of feed). Liquid pyrolysis products obtained at the most appropriate conditions were fractionated by column chromatography. Elemental analysis and FT-IR were applied on both of these liquid products and their sub-fractions. The H/C ratios obtained from elemental analysis were compared with the petroleum products. The aliphatic subfractions of the oils were then analysed by capillary column gas chromatography. Further structural analysis of pyrolysis oil was conducted using H-1-NMR spectroscopy. The characterization has shown that the bio-oil obtained from catalytic and steam pyrolysis of cottonseed cake was more beneficial than those obtained from non-catalytic and catalytic works under static and nitrogen atmospheres. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.