First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole

被引：2206

作者：

Akiyama, Kazunori ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
]}

Alberdi, Antxon ^{[5
]}

Alef, Walter ^{[6
]}

Asada, Keiichi ^{[7
]}

Azulay, Rebecca ^{[6
,8
,9
]}

Baczko, Anne-Kathrin ^{[6
]}

Ball, David ^{[10
,11
]}

Balokovic, Mislav ^{[4
,12
]}

Barrett, John ^{[2
]}

Bintley, Dan ^{[13
]}

Blackburn, Lindy ^{[4
,12
]}

Boland, Wilfred ^{[14
]}

Bouman, Katherine L. ^{[4
,12
,15
]}

Bower, Geoffrey C. ^{[16
]}

Bremer, Michael ^{[17
]}

Brinkerink, Christiaan D. ^{[18
]}

Brissenden, Roger ^{[4
,12
]}

Britzen, Silke ^{[6
]}

Broderick, Avery E. ^{[19
,20
,21
]}

Broguiere, Dominique ^{[17
]}

Bronzwaer, Thomas ^{[18
]}

Byun, Do-Young ^{[22
,23
]}

Carlstrom, John E. ^{[24
,25
,26
,27
]}

Chael, Andrew ^{[4
,12
]}

Chan, Chi-kwan ^{[10
,11
,28
]}

Chatterjee, Shami ^{[29
]}

Chatterjee, Koushik ^{[30
]}

Chen, Ming-Tang ^{[16
]}

Chen, Yongjun ^{[31
,32
]}

Cho, Ilje ^{[22
,23
]}

Christian, Pierre ^{[10
,11
,12
]}

Conway, John E. ^{[33
]}

Cordes, James M. ^{[29
]}

Crew, Geoffrey B. ^{[2
]}

Cui, Yuzhu ^{[34
,35
]}

Davelaar, Jordy ^{[18
]}

De Laurentis, Mariafelicia ^{[36
,37
,38
]}

Deane, Roger ^{[39
,40
]}

Dempsey, Jessica ^{[13
]}

Desvignes, Gregory ^{[6
]}

Dexter, Jason ^{[41
]}

Doeleman, Sheperd S. ^{[4
,12
]}

Eatough, Ralph P. ^{[6
]}

Falcke, Heino ^{[18
]}

Fish, Vincent L. ^{[2
]}

Fomalont, Ed ^{[1
]}

Fraga-Encinas, Raquel ^{[18
]}

Freeman, William T. ^{[42
,43
]}

Friberg, Per ^{[6
]}

Fromm, Christian M. ^{[37
]}

机构：

[1] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA

[2] MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA

[3] Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[4] Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[5] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain

[6] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[7] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sect 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

[8] Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain

[9] Univ Valencia, Astron Observ, C Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain

[10] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[11] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[12] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[13] East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[14] NOVA, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[15] CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[16] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[17] Inst Radio Astron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France

[18] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands

[19] Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

[20] Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

[21] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

[22] Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea

[23] Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea

[24] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[25] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[26] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[27] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[28] Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[29] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[30] Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands

[31] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China

[32] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China

[33] Chalmers Univ Technol, Onsala Space Observ, Dept Space Earth & Environm, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

[34] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan

[35] Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[36] Univ Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento Fis E Pancini, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo,Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[37] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany

[38] INFN, Sez Napoli, Compl Univ Monte S Angelo,Edificio G,Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[39] Univ Pretoria, Dept Phys, Lynnwood Rd, ZA-0083 Pretoria, South Africa

[40] Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, Ctr Radio Astron Techn & Technol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa

[41] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[42] MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 32-D476,77 Massachussetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA

[43] Google Res, 355 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA

[44] Harvard Univ, Dept Hist Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[45] Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[46] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[47] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 1002 USA

[48] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ Allegro, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[49] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China

[50] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NOVA Sub Mm Instrumentat Grp, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS | 2019年 / 875卷 / 01期

基金：

美国国家航空航天局; 美国国家科学基金会; 新加坡国家研究基金会; 欧盟地平线“2020”; 芬兰科学院; 日本学术振兴会; 俄罗斯科学基金会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 瑞典研究理事会; 欧洲研究理事会;

关键词：

accretion; accretion disks; black hole physics; galaxies: active; galaxies: individual (M87); galaxies: jets; gravitation; SAGITTARIUS-A-ASTERISK; ADVECTION-DOMINATED ACCRETION; GHZ VLBI OBSERVATIONS; RADIO-SOURCES; GALACTIC-CENTER; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; GRMHD SIMULATIONS; FARADAY-ROTATION; HIGH-RESOLUTION; IONIZED-GAS;

D O I：

10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 +/- 3 mu as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio greater than or similar to 10: 1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 +/- 0.7) x 10(9) M-circle dot. Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.

引用

页数：17

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