Long-term steroid therapy in children: Is adjunct therapy relevant in nephrotic syndrome?

The impact of glucocorticoids on bone is specifically relevant in children exposed to a long course of treatment. Corticosteroids lead to a decrease in bone formation, mainly by ostoblastic inhibition in trabecular bone. They also play an indirect role in bone metabolism through systemic actions, such as bone maturation delay, hypogonadism, pubertal delay, and IGF1 inhibition. A systematic review of the literature was conducted. We found 12 clinical trials of interventions including calcium, vitamin D, growth hormone, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates for preventing bone disease in children receiving steroid therapy. There were few randomized controlled trials (n = 7), with a limited number of patients, so that a meta-analysis could not be performed. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation may, however, have a beneficial effect on bone in children with nephrotic syndrome receiving long-term steroid therapy. We, therefore, recommend routine vitamin D supplementation, use of steroid-sparing protocols, and global prevention of risk to bone (adequate calcium intake, sun exposure, and physical activity). (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.