Many biological processes involve signalling through the transforming growth factor-b (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. In some pathways, TGF-b signals are mediated through the SMAD family of signal transducers. Smads 1, 2, 3 and 5 are activated when members of the TGF-b family bind their receptors, leading to association with Smad4 and a transcriptional response. Three groups now independently show that two new SMADs (Smads 6 and 7) and a Drosophila homologue inhibit this signalling process.