Insulin-like growth factor-II, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, nuclear factor-κB and inducible nitric-oxide synthase define a common myogenic signaling pathway

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are potent inducers of skeletal muscle differentiation and plnosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity is essential for this process. Here we show that IGF-II induces nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activities downstream from PI 3-kinase and that these events are critical for myogenesis. Differentiation of rat L6E9 myoblasts with IGF-II transiently induced NF-kappa B DNA binding activity, inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and nitric oxide (NO) production. IGF-II-induced iNOS expression and NO production were blocked by NF-kappa B inhibition. Both NF-kappa B and NOS activities were essential for IGF-II-induced terminal differentiation (myotube formation and expression of skeletal muscle proteins: myosin heavy chain, GLUT 4, and caveolin 3), which was totally blocked by NF-kappa B or NOS inhibitors in rat and human myoblasts. Moreover, the NOS substrate L-Arg induced myogenesis in the absence of IGFs in both rat and human myoblasts, and this effect was blocked by NOS inhibition. Regarding the mechanisms involved in IGF-II activation of NF-kappa B, PI S-kinase inhibition prevented NF-kappa B activation, iNOS expression, and NO production. Moreover, IGF-II induced, through a PI 3-kinase-dependent pathway, a decrease in I kappa B-alpha protein content that correlated with a decrease in the amount of I kappa B-alpha associated with p65 NF-kappa B.