A unified, merger-driven model of the origin of starbursts, quasars, the cosmic X-ray background, supermassive black holes, and galaxy spheroids

被引:1561
作者
Hopkins, PF
Hernquist, L
Cox, TJ
Di Matteo, T
Robertson, B
Springel, V
机构
[1] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[2] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
[3] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85740 Garching, Germany
关键词
cosmology : theory; galaxies : active; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : nuclei; quasars : general;
D O I
10.1086/499298
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
We present an evolutionary model for starbursts, quasars, and spheroidal galaxies in which mergers between gas-rich galaxies drive nuclear inflows of gas, producing starbursts and feeding the buried growth of supermassive black holes (BHs) until feedback expels gas and renders a briefly visible optical quasar. The quasar lifetime and obscuring column density depend on both the instantaneous and peak quasar luminosity, and we determine this dependence using a large set of galaxy merger simulations varying galaxy properties, orbital geometry, and gas physics. We use these fits to deconvolve observed quasar luminosity functions and obtain the evolution of the formation rate of quasars with peak luminosity, (n) over dot(L-peak, z). Quasars spend extended periods at luminosities well below peak, so (n) over dot(L-peak) has a maximum corresponding to the ``break'' in the observed luminosity function. From. n( Lpeak) and our simulations, we obtain self-consistent hard and soft X-ray and optical luminosity functions and predict many observables at multiple redshifts, including column density distributions of optical and X-ray samples, the luminosity function of broad-line quasars in X-ray samples and broad-line fraction versus luminosity, active BH mass functions, the distribution of Eddington ratios, the mass function of relic BHs and total BH mass density, and the cosmic X-ray background. In every case, our predictions agree well with observed estimates, without invoking ad hoc assumptions about source properties or distributions. We provide a library of Monte Carlo realizations of our models for comparison with observations.
引用
收藏
页码:1 / 49
页数:49
相关论文
共 324 条
[31]   ON SPHERICALLY SYMMETRICAL ACCRETION [J].
BONDI, H .
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 1952, 112 (02) :195-204
[32]   The relationship between stellar and black hole mass in submillimeter galaxies [J].
Borys, C ;
Smail, I ;
Chapman, SC ;
Blain, AW ;
Alexander, DM ;
Ivison, RJ .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2005, 635 (02) :853-863
[33]  
BOUCHET P, 1985, ASTRON ASTROPHYS, V149, P330
[34]   Interferometric detection of linear polarization from Sagittarius A* at 230 GHz [J].
Bower, GC ;
Wright, MCH ;
Falcke, H ;
Backer, DC .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2003, 588 (01) :331-337
[35]   THE EVOLUTION OF OPTICALLY SELECTED QSOS .2. [J].
BOYLE, BJ ;
SHANKS, T ;
PETERSON, BA .
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 1988, 235 (04) :935-948
[36]   The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - I. The optical luminosity function of quasi-stellar objects [J].
Boyle, BJ ;
Shanks, T ;
Croom, SM ;
Smith, RJ ;
Miller, L ;
Loaring, N ;
Heymans, C .
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2000, 317 (04) :1014-1022
[37]  
BOYLE BJ, 1990, MON NOT R ASTRON SOC, V243, P1
[38]   A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF FAINT QSOS [J].
BOYLE, BJ ;
JONES, LR ;
SHANKS, T .
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 1991, 251 (03) :482-507
[39]   The Chandra Deep Field North survey. V. 1 Ms source catalogs [J].
Brandt, WN ;
Alexander, DM ;
Hornschemeier, AE ;
Garmire, GP ;
Schneider, DP ;
Barger, AJ ;
Bauer, FE ;
Broos, PS ;
Cowie, LL ;
Townsley, LK ;
Burrows, CN ;
Chartas, G ;
Feigelson, ED ;
Griffiths, RE ;
Nousek, JA ;
Sargent, WLW .
ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 2001, 122 (06) :2810-2832
[40]   Deep extragalactic X-ray surveys [J].
Brandt, WN ;
Hasinger, G .
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 2005, 43 :827-859