Field emission energy distributions from individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes

被引:214
作者
Fransen, MJ
van Rooy, TL
Kruit, P
机构
[1] Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands
[2] Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Delft, Netherlands
关键词
electron emitters; electron microscopes; thermionic emission; field emission; energy distributions;
D O I
10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00056-2
中图分类号
O64 [物理化学(理论化学)、化学物理学];
学科分类号
070304 ; 081704 ;
摘要
We measured field emission energy distributions of electrons emitted from individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes mounted on tungsten tips. The shape of the energy distribution is strongly sample dependent. Some nanotube emitters exhibit an almost metallic behaviour, while others show sharply peaked energy distributions. The smallest half-width we measured was only 0.11 eV, without correction for the broadening of the energy analyzer. A common feature of both types of carbon nanotube energy spectra is that the position of the peaks in the spectrum depends linearly on the extraction voltage, unlike metallic emitters, where the position stays in the vicinity of the Fermi level. With a small modification to the field emission theory for metals we extract the distance between the highest filled energy level of the nanotube and the vacuum potential, the field on the emitter surface, the emitter radius and the emitting area, from the energy distribution and the Fowler-Nordheim plot. The last two parameters are in good agreement with transmission electron micrographs of such samples. The sharply-peaked energy distributions from other samples indicate that resonant states can exist at the top of the nanotube. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:312 / 327
页数:16
相关论文
共 43 条
  • [1] Field emission properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes
    Bonard, JM
    Maier, F
    Stöckli, T
    Châtelain, A
    de Heer, WA
    Salvetat, JP
    Forró, L
    [J]. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 1998, 73 (1-4) : 7 - 15
  • [2] BONARD JM, 1998, UNPUB PHYS REV LETT
  • [3] Electronic structure and localized states at carbon nanotube tips
    Carroll, DL
    Redlich, P
    Ajayan, PM
    Charlier, JC
    Blase, X
    DeVita, A
    Car, R
    [J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 1997, 78 (14) : 2811 - 2814
  • [4] GROWTH AND SINTERING OF FULLERENE NANOTUBES
    COLBERT, DT
    ZHANG, J
    MCCLURE, SM
    NIKOLAEV, P
    CHEN, Z
    HAFNER, JH
    OWENS, DW
    KOTULA, PG
    CARTER, CB
    WEAVER, JH
    RINZLER, AG
    SMALLEY, RE
    [J]. SCIENCE, 1994, 266 (5188) : 1218 - 1222
  • [5] Unique characteristics of cold cathode carbon-nanotube-matrix field emitters
    Collins, PG
    Zettl, A
    [J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 1997, 55 (15) : 9391 - 9399
  • [6] Probing electrical transport in nanomaterials: Conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes
    Dai, HJ
    Wong, EW
    Lieber, CM
    [J]. SCIENCE, 1996, 272 (5261) : 523 - 526
  • [7] A CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD-EMISSION ELECTRON SOURCE
    DEHEER, WA
    CHATELAIN, A
    UGARTE, D
    [J]. SCIENCE, 1995, 270 (5239) : 1179 - 1180
  • [8] Electron field emitters based on carbon nanotube films
    deHeer, WA
    Bonard, JM
    Fauth, K
    Chatelain, A
    Forro, L
    Ugarte, D
    [J]. ADVANCED MATERIALS, 1997, 9 (01) : 87 - &
  • [9] Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes
    Ebbesen, TW
    Lezec, HJ
    Hiura, H
    Bennett, JW
    Ghaemi, HF
    Thio, T
    [J]. NATURE, 1996, 382 (6586) : 54 - 56
  • [10] FISHBINE BH, 1994, MATER RES SOC SYMP P, V349, P319, DOI 10.1557/PROC-349-319