Mitochondrial autophagy and injury in the liver in α1-antitrypsin deficiency

Homozygous, PIZZ alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-AT) deficiency is associated with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma resulting from the toxic effects of mutant alpha(1)-anti-trypsin Z (alpha(1)-ATZ) protein retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which retention of this aggregated mutant protein leads to cellular injury are still unknown. Previous studies have shown that retention of mutant alpha(1)-ATZ in the ER induces an intense autophagic response in hepatocytes. In this study, we present evidence that the autophagic response induced by ER retention of alpha(1)-ATZ also involves the mitochondria, with specific patterns of both mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial injury seen in cell culture models of alpha(1)-AT deficiency, in PiZ transgenic mouse liver, and in liver from alpha(1)-AT-deficient patients. Evidence for a unique pattern of caspase activation was also detected. Administration of cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition, to PiZ mice was associated with a reduction in mitochondrial autophagy and injury and reduced mortality during experimental stress. These results provide evidence for the novel concept that mitochondrial damage and caspase activation play a role in the mechanism of liver cell injury in alpha(1)-AT deficiency and suggest the possibility of mechanism-based therapeutic interventions.