Urine is considered as a valuable plant fertiliser due to its high nutrient content. However, urine also contains pharmaceuticals. Currently, little is known regarding expected pharmaceutical concentrations in urine and the resulting risks. Through series of analyses in Hamburg and Berlin and results from the development of a concentration prediction model this knowledge gap was intended to be filled. To which extent the theoretical calculations can substitute analyses of pharmaceuticals was also tested. Results showed that the model fits well for bezafibrate, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, phenazone, and pentoxifylline. In Hamburg an R-2 value of 0.98 and in Berlin of 0.90 was achieved for correlations between predicted and analysed concentrations. Additionally, it was shown that a sufficient number of people discharging their urine to the respective collection system are important to allow for reasonable predictions via calculation. Also, comparisons of predicted pharmaceutical concentrations to those determined in other projects showed good correlations. Overall, it can be concluded that in any case the calculated concentrations exceed the measured ones and are therefore conservative. This overestimation can be explained by several factors discussed in this article. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
