Nucleolar delocalization of human topoisomerase I in response to topotecan correlates with sumoylation of the protein

DNA topoisomerase (topo) I is an essential nuclear protein and a target for anticancer drug camptothecin derivatives. As a nuclear protein, topo I is concentrated in the nucleolus. However, this nucleolar distribution of topo I is dynamic. It has been shown recently that topo I rapidly moves out of the nucleolus (nucleolar delocalization) in response to topo I inhibitors. In the present study, we demonstrated that nucleolar delocalization of topo I is associated with its conjugation by SUMOs (small ubiquitin-like modifiers) in response to the topo I inhibitor topotecan. Time-course experiments revealed that SUMO-topo I conjugation occurred at as early as 5 min after drug treatment, which was earlier than its observed nucleolar delocalization. Furthermore, heat shock blocked sumoylation of topo 1; it also blocked the nucleolar delocalization of topo I fusion proteins. UBC9 is an E2 (ubiquitin carrier protein) -conjugating enzyme essential for sumoylation. Although overexpression of wild-type UBC9 enhanced both sumoylation and nuclear delocalization of topo 1, overexpression of a UBC9 dominant negative mutant attenuated topo I sumoylation and its nucleolar delocalization. Taken together, our results suggest that sumoylation of topo I might serve as an addressing tag for its nucleolar delocalization in response to topo I inhibitors.