Insulin sensitivity in the offspring of women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE-To determine if insulin sensitivity is altered in prepubertal offspring exposed to a diabetic intrauterine environment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Fifteen control children, 17 offspring of type 1 diabetic women, and 10 offspring of type 2 diabetic women, aged between 5 and 10 years, underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT). Weight and height were measured, and body composition was calculated using bioelectrical impendance. Bergman's minimal model was applied to the glucose and insulin measurements to obtain values for insulin sensitivity (S-i) acute insuline response (AIR) and glucose effectiveness (S-g). RESULTS-S-i was the lowest in the offspring of type 2 diabetic mothers, and AIR was highest in this group, altought neither of these changes reached significance (S-i, P = 0.2, and AIR, P =0.3). Offspring of type 2 diabetic mothers hand higher BMI SD scores (P= 0.004) and percentage fat mass ( P= 0.002) than the children in the other two groups. The BMI SD score and percentage fat mass in the subjects, as well as maternal insulin dose, were negatively correlated with offspring insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS-Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia by itself was not associated with alternations in glucose regulation in prepubertal offspring. Children of mothers with type 2 diabetes, however, were overweight, and they had a tendency for a reduced S-i. The combined effect of genetic and postnatal environmental factors, rather than prenatal exposure to hyperglycemia, may place this group at risk for developing impaired glucose tolerance in later life.