Regulation of lipid metabolism genes, lipid carrier protein lipophorin, and its receptor during immune challenge in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

In the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the expression of two fat body genes involved in lipid metabolism, a lipid carrier protein lipophorin ( Lp) and its lipophorin receptor ( LpRfb), was significantly increased after infections with Gram ( +) bacteria and fungi, but not with Gram ( -) bacteria. The expression of these genes was enhanced after the infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum. RNA interference ( RNAi) knockdown of Lp strongly restricted the development of Plasmodium oocysts, reducing their number by 90%. In Vg-Delta REL1- A transgenic mosquitoes, with gain- of- function phenotype of Toll/ REL1 immune pathway activated after blood feeding, both the Lp and LpRfb genes were overexpressed independently of septic injury. The same phenotype was observed in the mosquitoes with RNAi knockdown of Cactus, an I kappa B inhibitor in the Toll/ REL1 pathway. These results showed that, in the mosquito fat body, both Lp and LpRfb gene expression were regulated by the Toll/ REL1 pathway during immune induction by pathogen and parasite infections. Indeed, the proximal region of the LpRfb promoter contained closely linked binding motifs for GATA and NF-kappa B transcription factors. Transfection and in vivo RNAi knockdown experiments showed that the bindings of both GATA and NF-kappa B transcription factors to the corresponding motif were required for the induction of the LpRfb gene. These findings suggest that lipid metabolism is involved in the mosquito systemic immune responses to pathogens and parasites.