Three-dimensional in vivo motion analysis of normal knees employing transepicondylar axis as an evaluation parameter

The transepicondylar axis (TEA) has been used as a flexion axis of the knee and a reference of the rotational alignment of the femoral component. However, no study has showed dynamic normal knee kinematics employing TEA as the evaluation parameter throughout the full range of motion in vivo. The purpose of this study was to analyze dynamic kinematics of the normal knee through the full range of motion via the 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional registration technique employing TEA as the evaluation parameter. Dynamic motion of the right knee was analyzed in 20 healthy volunteers (10 female, 10 male; mean age 37.2 years). Knee motion was observed as subjects squatted from standing with knee fully extended to maximum flexion. The following parameters were determined: (1) Anteroposterior translations of the medial and lateral ends of the TEA; and (2) changes in the angle of the TEA on the tibial axial plane (rotation angle). The medial end of the TEA demonstrated anterior translation (3.6 +/- A 3.0 mm) from full extension to 30A degrees flexion and demonstrated posterior translation (18.1 +/- A 3.7 mm) after 30A degrees, while the lateral end of the TEA demonstrated consistent posterior translation (31.1 +/- A 7.3 mm) throughout knee flexion. All subjects exhibited femoral external rotation (16.9 +/- A 6.2A degrees) relative to the tibia throughout knee flexion. Compared to previously used parameters, the TEA showed bicondylar posterior translation from early flexion phase. These results provide control data for dynamic kinematic analyses of pathologic knees in the future and will be useful in the design of total knee prostheses.