Fourth component of Xenopus laevis complement: cDNA cloning and linkage analysis of the frog MHC

Complement C4 shows extensive structural and functional similarity to complement C3, hence these components are believed to have originated by gene duplication from a common ancestor. Although to date C3 cDNA clones have been isolated from all major classes of extant vertebrates including Xenopus, C4 cDNA clones have been isolated from mammalian species only. We describe here the molecular cloning and structural analysis of Xenopus C4 cDNA. The cDNA sequence encoding the thioester region of Xenopus C4 was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using Xenopus liver mRNA as a template, and then used to screen a liver cDNA Library. The amino acid sequence of Xenopus C4 deduced from a clone containing the entire protein-coding sequence showed 39%, 30%, 25%, and 20% overall identity with those of human C4, C3, C5, and alpha 2-macroglobulin, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence consisted of a 22-residue putative signal peptide, a 634-residue beta chain, a 732-residue alpha chain, and a 287-residue gamma chain. Of 30 cysteine residues, 27 were found in exactly the same positions as in human C4. Genomic Southern blotting analysis indicated that C4 is a single copy gene in Xenopus and is part of the frog MHC cluster. These results clearly demonstrate that C3/C4 gene duplication and linkage between the C4 gene and the major histocompatibility complex predate mammalian/amphibian divergence.