Numerical models for two-phase turbulent flows

Numerical models for turbulent fluid-particle flows are reviewed. The two approaches typically used for modeling the dispersed (particle) phase are the trajectory and two-fluid formulations, while volume-averaged models are most common for the continuous (fluid) phase. The review is structured according to the turbulence models used for the continuous phase: turbulence energy-dissipation models, large-eddy simulations, direct numerical simulations, and discrete vortex models. The applications of these models to simulate particle dispersion due to fluid turbulence and the adjustments to the models to account for the modulation of the carrier phase turbulence by the particles are addressed.